..

:

1. . 1

2. « » (Fuzzy Grammar) 6

3. « » . (Test-score semantics) 7

4. , 8

, (procedural semantics, computational semantics) 8

4.1. . 8

4.2. . (P.Suppes) 10

4.3. . (R.Schank) 11

4.4. .. 11

4.5. .. « » ( Augmented transition network, ATN) 12

5. : « ». 14

(frame semantics, frame-and-scene analysis) 14

5.1. . 14

5.2. . . 18

5.3. («») 19

5.4. .. 21

6. . 22

. 23

-32-

1.

, : , . , – . , « » [2], [1].

, , [82, c.528]. – .

– , [50, c.14] .

-33-

– , , , . «» (checklist) , . , () .

, , .

, , [130], , , , , , . «», «» -, , . :

) - ( , ) ,

) , .

, (clustering) (, , .) , – .. . «

-34-

» : ( ) . «» : . : , , [50, c.15-16].

, , [52, c.67], , , («»), : – «» – . – – , , . , « » (bounded rationality).

: , , . – ., ., .- [58, c.197]. , . [91], [100], [101]. , , , .

-35-

; , «» ( ), [43, c.123]. : 1) « » [120], 2) . [22], 3) « », [81], , [38], 4) , , , , , , 5) , [134], [72], [71], 6) – [15], [31], [68], [102], [118]; 7) – , [18] [72], , . . [67] (. . [72], [74], [75], [77], . [104], [105], [106], . [49] .).

, . [78] , , ,– , , [45]. [43, c.128-129]: ,

-36-

? ( .) ? , ? , , ( ) ? , , ..? ? , «», «», «» « », , , , . « » , , , , . , «» « » (checklist semantics) , «» , [45, c.153].

[69, c.9] , : ) ( , .), ) (.) ) .. , – , – , [69, c.12]. [69, c.18]:

- , , – ,

-37-

( ),

- , - ,

- , .

, [69, c.51] :

1. .

2. .

3. , , .

4. – .

5. - .

6. , , «» .

, , , « » [32, c.1]. , [31, c.27]. , . , : , , , . – , , [119, c.47-48] .

, , ,

-38-

. [50, c.19]. , . - [51, c.98]. , , , ( ), – , , , .

– [51, c.98-99]:

1. : .

2. , .

3. , , , – , .

4. , .

[58]: ) , , , ) , , [51, c.195]. .

[58, c.202-206]:

1. –

-39-

, .

2. ( ) «» ( ) .

3. , , , , .

4. , . – , , , . .

5. , , , « ».

6. . .

7. , : . , , .

8. , ,– , , , , .

9. , ,

-40-

, . – [59, c.23]. – .

10. . , .

11. , . « » « », – , . , .

« » [59, c.206-207]: , . , [7, c.18].

[76], – « » – , ( , ) , : , , , , , , , – , [76, c.32]. , ( ), .. ( , , ) ( , , ) [76, c.33]. [76,c.36-43]:

-41-

1. (experiential clusters). , . , , , . «».

2. : . « » ( ) . , . , , – .., , .

, . [76, c.32-36], , :

1. , « – ».

2. : ( ) , , . .. « ». . : « , ».

3. : . , (.. ) – , , , . : , , . .

4. (): , . : « », « '», « ».

5. . ,

-42-

, «», . , , , .

6. . , : , , .. (, ) . : , .. - (, ).

7. : , .. , .

« » [90, c.54]. [114,c.VIII] , [90, c.53], :

1. [124, c.264].

2. ; [90, c.54]. [124] , , .

3. , – « », () – ( [39], [57]). [90, c.56] (. [20]), , . , « »:

-43-

, , ( ) . [39] , « ».

2. « » (Fuzzy Grammar)

, , , , . [134]. , «», [76, c.43], , . « », :

- ( .), «», «», « »; , «» ;

- ( ),– , . « » « » – .

[73, c.271], « .»:

1. : , 0 1.

2. .

3. .

-43-

4. .

5. , , , – .

6. .

: [135].

« » – «». , , . « »: , [72]. :

1. -A = 1-A

2. A+B = max(A,B)

3. AB = min(A,B)

4. if A then B = 1, A B,

B, A > B.

«x» : « x». A, B – . « », [83, c.102], ( [72]) 1-3, , , 0 1. 4 (. [97, c.44]).

« », , «», «», «», «», « », «» .. ,

-45-

(: 'E') (: 'A') [83, c.107]:

( Ax: fx) gx = 1 – maxx fx( fx – gx);

(Ex:fx) gx = maxxfx(fx + gx – 1).

[138, c.149] « », : . , . , « » « », : « », « » . : 1) ( ), 2) ( ) 3) – : (), ( ) . , . [138, c.149]. , : « », : « ».

: 1) , , - () , 2) 3) [83].

[68, c.636] ,

-46-

, . : ) «-» : (« – - »), ; ) .

[107, c.509]:

1. .

2. .

3. - .

4. , .

5. , « » ( – values), [88, c.79], , : (, ), «» [88, c.81].

6. « », « – » . [108, c.436-438].

-47-

3. « » . (Test-score semantics)

, [137], , , «» , [138, c.149]. , , . («» – «») « » , [138, c.152]. (, , , , , , ..) , « » , « » ( . [23]) [78] ( , ) . , ( ). «» – 0 1 – () – , . (truth-conditional semantics), . «» : «» – « », «» – «», 1 – 0 .. [137, c.152-153].

:

1. (, . ), – , . : , , (.. «

-48-

»). , « , » :

- (; ; ); ( ) «»;

- (; ), – , ;

- (; ), – , «» ( – );

- (; ), – , «»;

- _(_1; _2; ), – , _1 « » «_2».

, .

2. . , , . , : , , _.

3. – , . – [0,1], /. : , ( ), .. «» (. [136]).

-49-

4. ,

, (procedural semantics, computational semantics)

4.1.

– . : «» (, « ) – [48, c.205]. . 1980- . , [41, c.21]. , .. . , , . . . [99, c.23-27]:

1. : .

2. .

3. – , .

4. , , «» . , , , .

-50-

: . , , , . : 1) , , 2) .

– . , .. , . , . , [99, c.23].

, [41, c.32], : 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) , 5) , 6) , 7) , 8) , 9) , 10) . . – , , , . «», . , , - [41, c.31].

[86, c.65] – –

-51-

. . , . [86, c.68-69]:

- ;

- ;

- , ;

- , ;

- , .

, [40, c.86], , « » . :

1. .

2. , , .

3. , , – . .

4. , , ,

-52-

,– . , , .

5. .

, – ( – , ) , . (, .) , ( .) – .

. .. [48, c.204]: « , , «», «». , – . , . , ». [48, c.204-205]:

1. , , , . , , , .

2. , . . , - .

-53-

, , , .

3. . , . – - .

4.2. . (P.Suppes)

[115, c.28], - , , . , . . [115, c.28-32]:

1. – , , – .

2. , , – .

3. – (. .).

4. , , :

4.1. , « », .., .

4.2. , , , , «

-54-

» . : .

4.3. , , , , , (), .

4.4. , , . (-) , .

4.5. - - .

5. :

5.1. .

5.2. , – – .

5.3. . , .

5.4. . , .

4.3. . (R.Schank)

., – , , . –

-55-

[4, c.12]. :

1. : « , «», . , » [4, c.12].

2. [4, c.13].

. (. ).

4.4. .

, . , , [129, c.497]. , , « . , , , , (pointers) , » [126, c.91].

« » [129, c.497]. , , . : , .

, – .

-56-

, ,– . : ) .- [62], , ) . [133], . :

1. .

2. , , .

3. . , ( ) , , , (-).

4. , ( ) , . – « ». : , , .

, , , . – , , (. [25], [128]).

, ( ) « » ( / ), . .

-57-

, . – . , , [129, c.507-509].

4.5. .. « »

(Augmented transition network, ATN)
[i]

[133, c.21] , - , , .. . , , , . , , , . – , , ..

« » – . . . , [80, c.78]. , « , , . , , , ..» [3, c.32].

, , . , 1960- . ( ) [117], [16], 1970- [133], [132], [64], [65], . «» .

, [121, c.119-122]:

1. . . . ,– .

2. . , , , , . , . , , .. . . , , . .

3. : . .

4. :

- – , « », ;

- – ;

- : . , ..

, [61, c.71-72]. , . , . , , [61, c.72]. [17, c.39], , , ( ) . , – , .

«» : 1) , , 2) – . , , [47], [60], [28], [9]. [29] . . , . « », :

--> _1 --> = --> _2 -->

., , [131]:

1. .

2. , .

3. , , (, , , ).

4. - , - , . , .

, , [129, c.510]:

1. ,– - .

2. , : , , ( ). , « 2056 » , . : , ( , ) .

3. , : , , . , , . , « ».

5. : « »

(frame semantics, frame-and-scene analysis)

5.1.

« » – . . [43], [44] . : (, , , ) . « , » [122, c.143] , .

[54, c.28-29]:

1. (intelligence) – () .

2. « », , . – ,– « » (defaults) .

-58-

, , [56, c.56] . , .

, , , [43, c.124]: 1) «» [8], 2) , . [87], 3) « » , [19], 4) . , . , ( [116, c.612], ): , , , . [43, c.124].

«». – . . «» (module) «» («») : , . «» , [43, c.130]. :

1. , , – , , – , . , , , ,

-59-

, , , [43, c.124]. 1980- . , , : « , , , » [46, c.111]. , , « », , , . , , [46, c.111], [46, c.111]. [64] « » .: . « ». . , , .

2. . [53, c.7] ( . [12], . [10], [11]) frame-work () « » – , . ,

-60-

, «» – , . , «» , , . [53, c.10-11]. , , , , [53, c.27]. «» [53, c.497 .].

3. , , , . , , . , – : «», «», « », « » (folk theory) [46, c.111]. – , . , , . , ,– , , [46, c.119].

4. , , , , , . , , – .

-61-

– , . , , (, ) [36, c.219-220]. – (: , ), , . : , , , , .. . , . – , ( . slot). . - « » (default meaning) . «» [87, c.11]. , . – .

«» [56, c.46]:

1) , ;

2) , ( ). , ;

3) ( / ) ,

-62-

(, ). – . [56, c.58].

, – – ( ), , . , () (, ) , .. [43, c.129- 130], [44, c.59].

«» [44, c.80]: , . , . , (saliency hierarchy) , .

, (frame-works) , , , . , . , , . , ,– , ,– , . . «», «», «», «», «», «» [43, c.123].

,

-63-

[116, c.613]. . «» [116, c.613], .. , .

[27, c.437]. : , - . , , («») . , , – , -, .. , . , ( ) [43, c.125]. . , , – , : ) , , ) , , [43, c.127].

, , ; , [27, c.438], :

1. ([24] .) – ) , , , , ; , ,

-64-

; ) , , . ( ), , . ( ) , .

2. [26], [33] . - , . , – . . : , , .

1 – 2 : . «» . :

3. , , [42], [84]. : [42] ( . [131]). , .

4. [84], [27].

- [27, c.440]:

1. «» . , . , ,

-65-

. , . «» (pointers) , -. , «» , – , «» [87], [79], [125]. : 1) , – -; 2) , , .

2. «» . - . , , : « – ». «» «» [42] [27].

5.2. .

1980- . . - , , – , , , [87, c.1].

. . , , , () .

-66-

– - . , , , , «» . . . [103, c.97] : «», . . , , . , .

, , (matching): , ( ) . , ( , ), , . , , [87, c.2]. [87, c.5]:

1. , , . , , . , , .

-67-

2. , , ( , , ) (default) . , , ,– , « ».

3. , , , .

– .., ,– «» . . [87, c.16]. , , , , . :

1) – ;

2) «», . , , , , ;

3) : , ;

4) : , . , , : .

– , . «»

-68-

(scenario): , , , , , . , , (, , « »), . [87, c.16]:

1. - – «+». , , .

2. - : , . , , , , , .

3. – , , , , .

4. – , , . , , , , ..

5.3. («»)

, [6, c.23]. ( ) . ,

-69-

, [6, c.23].

«» , . [111], , [79, c.85]. [79, c.85]. , : , ,– , , , .. .

, .. , , , - , - . , [109, c.456],– [111], . , (pointer) «». «» , , «» «». . , , . (, , «») , , «»,– , , «» . «» ( ),

-70-

« » [70, c.136]. , [70, c.136].

[109, c.459]. , , : , . . – [109, c.464]. , , , [109, c.464]. – , «-», , .

, , [110, c.7]. , «» , . , – . , . - . . , . , , . , , ..

-71-

. , . . – , , , . , .. , . , , , . , , . – , . .

1970- . , . , , ( , ) . « » [98, c.50] ( [55]): , « », . [98, c.505]: 1) ( ), 2) «» (props), 3) (setting) – , , 4) , (plot). . , – - ,– , , ,

-72-

.. ( ), ( ), ( ), , ..

– [5], [111]. , , [14, c.2]. , . [14, c.2]. ( ) , [113], [96]. , , () [13], [35] [112], [21], [85], , . – [113].

, . , , , [14, c.3]. . : ) , ) , , ) [14, c.19].

, . , , , ,

-73-

- , . : , , . [14, c.20]. , [14, c.21]. ( ) , . , , . , [14, c.20].

, , .. [63, c.116], . . [55, c.145-150], : , , , , , , . , : ().

5.4.

« », « », « », « – » [95, c.37] – , « », [93, c.28] « – . ,

-74-

, ,– , , . ». – [94].

- [132, c.39]. [95, c.40]:

- – ( ) – - . , ( ) ;

- – , «» «»;

- – «» «»: , , . , [37, c.37] ( , ) ;

[95, c.46]:

1. : , , , .

2. , .

3. : ( ) ().

-75-

., [92] , ( ) [123, c.397]. : , , , . :

- ; « » [123, c.398],

- , .

, «»

- – ,

- – «»,

- – «», «», «», « »,

- – .

, , ( ) – . , : .. , .

[34, c.64]:

1. , « ».

-76-

2. . : , – , , . , , .

3. , . , – , – , , , – .

6.

, , , , . , – ,– .

-77-

(.77-86)

1. .. , , // : - . ., 1992. .39-77.

2. .. // : - . ., 1992. . 4-38.

3. / . ., .., .. /. . – ., 1990. – 560 .

4. . / . . – ., 1980. – 361 .

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